Hōʻike kēia alakaʻi kiʻi i kekahi mau pilikia maʻamau i hiki ke loaʻa me nā mea polymer a me nā mea elastomeric i ʻokoʻa mai nā mea i loaʻa me nā sila metala a me nā mea ʻāpana.
ʻO ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻāpana polymer (plastic and elastomeric) a me kona hopena hiki ke koʻikoʻi e like me ka hemahema o nā mea metala.Hōʻike ka ʻike i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi o nā waiwai e pili ana i nā ʻāpana polymer o nā lako i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana.Pili kēia ʻike i kekahi hoʻoilinaNa apo-o, paipu laina, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) a me lined pipe.Kūkākūkā ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā waiwai e like me ke komo ʻana, ka mahana aniani, a me ka viscoelasticity a me kā lākou hopena.
I ka lā 28 o Ianuali, 1986, ua hoʻopūʻiwa ka honua i ka pōʻino kaʻa mokulele Challenger.ʻO ka pahū ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia ke apo-O.
ʻO nā hewa i wehewehe ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala e hoʻolauna i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hewa non-metallic e pili ana i nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi ʻoihana.No kēlā me kēia hihia, kūkākūkā ʻia nā waiwai polymer koʻikoʻi.
Loaʻa i nā elastomers kahi mahana hoʻololi aniani, ʻo ia ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ʻo "ka mahana i hoʻololi ʻia ai kahi mea amorphous, e like me ke aniani a i ʻole polymer, mai kahi ʻano aniani brittle i kahi kūlana ductile" [1].
Loaʻa i nā Elastomer ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻopili - "i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka pākēneka o ke koʻikoʻi i hiki ʻole i kahi elastomer ke hoʻōla ma hope o kahi manawa paʻa i kahi extrusion a me ka mahana" [2].Wahi a ka mea kākau, pili ka compression i ka hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka lāʻau i kona ʻano kumu.I nā manawa he nui, hoʻopau ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e kekahi hoʻonui i hana ʻia i ka wā hoʻohana.Eia naʻe, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma lalo nei, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia.
Hewa 1: Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ambient wela (36°F) ma mua o ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka hopena i lawa ole Viton O-rings ma ka Space Shuttle Challenger.E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o nā noiʻi ulia pōpilikia: "Ma nā mahana ma lalo o 50 ° F, ʻaʻole hiki ke maʻalahi ka Viton V747-75 O-ring e nānā i ka wehe ʻana o ka lua hoʻāʻo" [3].ʻO ka mahana hoʻololi aniani ke kumu e hoʻopaʻa pono ʻole ai ka Challenger O-ring.
Pilikia 2: Hōʻike mua ʻia nā sila i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2 i ka wai a me ka mahu.Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā sila ma ka pūnaewele me ka ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Eia naʻe, ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou i nā fluoroelastomers (FKM) e like me Viton) a me ka perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) e like me Kalrez O-rings.ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka nui, ʻo nā apo-O a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2 e hoʻomaka i ka nui like:
Ua aha?Hiki ke pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahu no nā elastomers.No nā noi mahu ma luna o 250°F, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana a me nā deformation ʻokiʻoki FKM a me FFKM i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā.Loaʻa i nā elastomers ʻokoʻa kekahi mau pono a me nā pōʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea i loaʻa i ke kūpaʻa kemika kiʻekiʻe.Pono nā hoʻololi e mālama pono.
Nā memo maʻamau no nā elastomers.Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā elastomers ma nā mahana ma luna o 250°F a ma lalo o 35°F he mea kūikawā a makemake paha i ka hoʻokomo mea hoʻolālā.
He mea nui e hoʻoholo i ka haku mele elastomeric i hoʻohana ʻia.Hiki i ka Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā ʻano elastomers like ʻole, e like me EPDM, FKM a me FFKM i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna.Eia naʻe, paʻakikī ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi pūhui FKM mai kekahi.ʻO nā apo i hana ʻia e nā mea hana ʻokoʻa he mau mea hoʻopihapiha like ʻole, vulcanizations, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mau mea a pau i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻoemi, ke kūpaʻa kemika a me nā ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
He mau kaulahao molekala lōʻihi ka polymers e hiki ai ke komo i kekahi mau wai.ʻAʻole like me nā metala, nona ke ʻano crystalline, pili nā molekala lōʻihi i kekahi me ke ʻano o ke kaula spaghetti i kuke ʻia.Ma ke kino, hiki ke komo i nā molekala liʻiliʻi e like me ka wai/mahu a me nā kinoea.He liʻiliʻi kekahi mau mole e hiki ke komo i nā āpau ma waena o nā kaulahao pākahi.
ʻAʻole 3: ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoʻomaka ka palapala ʻana i kahi hoʻokolokolo hōʻike hōʻino me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi o nā ʻāpana.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻāpana plastik palahalaha, ʻoluʻolu, ʻala ʻala i loaʻa i ka Pōʻalima, ua lilo ia i paipu poepoe paʻa ma ka Pōʻakahi (ʻo ka manawa i lawe ʻia ai ke kiʻi).ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia he kapa paipu polyethylene (PE) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana uila ma lalo o ka ʻili honua ma kahi pahu hau.ʻAʻole i pale ka ʻāpana plastik palahalaha i loaʻa iā ʻoe i ke kaula.ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka ʻaila i hoʻololi kino, ʻaʻole kemika - ʻaʻole i decompose ka paipu polyethylene.Eia naʻe, pono e komo i nā paipu palupalu liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hewa 4. Nui nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e hoʻohana i nā paipu kila i uhi ʻia ʻo Teflon no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa a me kahi i kāpae ʻia ai ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻohaumia metala (no ka laʻana, i ka ʻoihana meaʻai).ʻO nā paipu i uhi ʻia ʻo Teflon he mau puka makani e hiki ai i ka wai ke komo i loko o ka annular space ma waena o ke kila a me ka lining e kahe aku.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka ola o nā paipu laina ma hope o ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4 i kahi paipu laina Teflon i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻolako i ka HCl no nā makahiki he ʻumi.ʻO ka nui o nā huahana corrosion kila e hōʻiliʻili i ka annular space ma waena o ka liner a me ka paipu kila.Hoʻokuʻu ka huahana i ka lining i loko, e pōʻino ai e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻino ʻana o ke kila a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hū.
Eia kekahi, hiki ke kolo ma ka ʻili o Teflon flange.Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Creep e like me ka deformation (deformation) ma lalo o ka ukana mau.E like me nā metala, piʻi ka kolo o nā polymers me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole like me ke kila, hiki ke kolo i ka lumi wela.ʻO ka mea nui paha, i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka ʻili flange, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā bolts o ka paipu kila a hiki i ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka māwae apo, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi.Hōʻike hou nā māwae pōʻai i ka paipu kila i ka HCl.
ʻAʻole 5: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā laina kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe polyethylene (HDPE) i ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā laina hoʻoheheʻe wai kila.Eia nō naʻe, aia nā koi hoʻoponopono kūikawā no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kaomi liner.Hōʻike nā kiʻi 6 a me 7 i kahi liner hāʻule.Hiki ke poino i ka liner valve ho'okahi ke oi ke kaomi annulus ma mua o ke kaomi hana o loko - hā'ule ka liner ma muli o ke komo 'ana.No nā liners HDPE, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa e pale ai i kēia hemahema ʻo ka pale ʻana i ka depressurization wikiwiki o ka paipu.
Ke emi nei ka ikaika o nā ʻāpana fiberglass me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana.Hiki i kekahi mau papa ke delaminate a pohā i ka manawa.Aia ka API 15 HR "High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" i kahi ʻōlelo he 20% ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaomi ka palena hoʻāʻo a hoʻoponopono.ʻO ka pauku 13.1.2.8 o Canadian Standard CSA Z662, Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, e hōʻike ana he pono e mālama ʻia nā loli kaomi ma lalo o 20% o ka helu kaomi o ka mea hana paipu.Inā ʻaʻole, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke kaomi hoʻolālā a hiki i 50%.I ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka FRP a me ka FRP me ka pale ʻana, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ukana cyclic.
Ka hewa 6: Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao lalo (ʻeono) o ka paipu fiberglass (FRP) no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka wai paʻakai me ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka ʻāpana hāʻule, ʻo ka hapa maikaʻi ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana, a me ke kolu o ka ʻāpana (e hōʻike ana i ka ʻāpana post-manufacturing).ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka pauku i hāʻule ʻole me ka ʻāpana o ka paipu i hana mua ʻia o ka nui like (e nānā i nā Kiʻi 8 a me 9).E hoʻomaopopo he nui nā māwae intralaminar i hāʻule ʻole i loko o ka paipu i hana ʻia.Ua hana ʻia ka delamination ma nā paipu hou a hāʻule.He mea maʻamau ka Delamination i ka fiberglass me kahi aniani kiʻekiʻe;Hāʻawi ka ʻike aniani kiʻekiʻe i ka ikaika.Ua pili ka pipeline i nā loli koʻikoʻi (ʻoi aku ma mua o 20%) a ua hāʻule ma muli o ka hoʻouka ʻana.
Kiʻi 9. Eia ʻelua mau ʻāpana kea o ka fiberglass i hoʻopau ʻia i loko o kahi paipu fiberglass polyethylene-lined kiʻekiʻe.
I ka wā e hoʻokomo ai ma ka pūnaewele, hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka paipu - he mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau pilina.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻelua mau ʻāpana paipu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopiha ʻia ka āpau ma waena o nā paipu me ka "putty."Hoʻopili ʻia nā hui i nā ʻāpana he nui o ka fiberglass ākea ākea a hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka resin.ʻO ka ʻili o waho o ka hui e loaʻa i ka pale kila lawa.
ʻO nā mea metala ʻole e like me nā liner a me nā fiberglass he viscoelastic.ʻOiai paʻakikī kēia hiʻohiʻona e wehewehe, he mea maʻamau kona mau hōʻike: hiki mai ka pōʻino i ka wā o ka hoʻokomo ʻana, akā ʻaʻole hiki koke ka leakage."He waiwai ʻo Viscoelasticity o kahi mea e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai viscous a me ka elastic i ka wā i hoʻopōʻino ʻia.ʻO nā mea viscous (e like me ka meli) e pale aku i ke kahe ʻana a hoʻololi i ka laina laina i ka manawa ke kau ʻia ke koʻikoʻi.E hoʻololi koke nā mea elastic (e like me ke kila), akā e hoʻi koke i ko lākou kūlana mua ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke kaumaha.Loaʻa i nā mea viscoelastic nā waiwai ʻelua a no laila ke hōʻike nei i ka deformation like ʻole o ka manawa.ʻO ka elasticity ka hopena ma muli o ka hohola ʻana o nā mea paʻa ma nā mokulele crystalline i nā mea paʻa i kauoha ʻia, aʻo ka viscosity ka hopena mai ka diffusion o nā mana a i ʻole nā molekole i loko o kahi mea amorphous "[4].
Pono nā ʻāpana fiberglass a me ka plastic i ka mālama kūikawā i ka wā o ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana.A i ʻole, hiki iā lākou ke haki a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino a hiki i ka lōʻihi ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic.
Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā lining fiberglass ma muli o ka pōʻino i ke kau ʻana [5].Pono ka hoʻāʻo hydrostatic akā ʻaʻole ʻike i ka pōʻino liʻiliʻi e hiki mai ana i ka wā hoʻohana.
Kiʻi 10. Hōʻike ʻia ma loko (hema) a me waho (ʻākau) ma waena o nā ʻāpana paipu fiberglass.
ʻO ka hemahema 7. Hōʻike ka Helu 10 i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o nā paipu fiberglass.Hōʻike ka helu 11 i ka pauku keʻa o ka pilina.ʻAʻole lawa ka hoʻoikaika a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻili o waho o ka paipu, a ua haki ka paipu i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana.Hāʻawiʻia nā manaʻo no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā hono ma DIN 16966, CSA Z662 a me ASME NM.2.
ʻO nā paipu polyethylene kiʻekiʻe he māmā, kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, a hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia no nā paipu kinoea a me ka wai, me nā ʻili ahi ma nā kahua o ka hale hana.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hemahema ma kēia mau laina e pili ana i ka pōʻino i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hana ʻeli [6].Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hiki ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ka māwae lohi (SCG) i nā koʻikoʻi haʻahaʻa a me nā haʻahaʻa liʻiliʻi.Wahi a nā hōʻike, "ʻO ka SCG kahi hana maʻamau maʻamau i nā paipu polyethylene (PE) lalo me kahi ola hoʻolālā o 50 mau makahiki" [7].
Ka hewa 8: Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo SCG i loko o ka hose ahi ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana.ʻO kona haʻihaʻi ʻana nā ʻano penei:
Hōʻike ʻia ka hāʻule ʻana o SCG e kahi ʻano haʻihaʻi: he liʻiliʻi ka deformation a loaʻa ma muli o nā apo concentric he nui.Ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻāpana SCG ma kahi o 2 x 1.5 ʻīniha, hoʻolaha koke ka māwae a ʻaʻole maopopo loa nā hiʻohiʻona macroscopic (Nā Kiʻi 12-14).Hiki i ka laina ke ʻike i nā loli hoʻouka ma mua o 10% i kēlā me kēia pule.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hui HDPE kahiko i ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i ka hemahema ma muli o ka loli ʻana o ka ukana ma mua o nā hui HDPE kahiko [8].Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo nā keʻena o kēia manawa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka SCG e like me nā makahiki HDPE ahi.
Kiʻi 12. Hōʻike kēia kiʻi i kahi e hui ai ka lālā T me ka paipu nui, e hana ana i ka māwae i hōʻike ʻia e ka pua ʻulaʻula.
Laiki.14. Maʻaneʻi hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike kokoke i ka ʻili haki o ka lālā T-like a hiki i ka paipu T-like nui.Aia nā māwae maopopo ma ka ʻili o loko.
ʻO nā pahu nui waena (IBC) kūpono no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā mea kemika liʻiliʻi (Figure 15).Hiki ke hilinaʻi nui ʻia a hiki ke maʻalahi ke poina i ko lākou hemahema hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui.Eia naʻe, hiki i nā hemahema MDS ke hopena i nā pohō kālā nui, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea e nānā ʻia e nā mea kākau.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hāʻule ma muli o ka lawelawe pono ʻole [9-11].ʻOiai ua maʻalahi ka nānā ʻana i ka IBC, paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia nā māwae i HDPE ma muli o ka lawelawe pono ʻole.No nā mea hoʻokele waiwai i nā ʻoihana e mālama pinepine i nā ipu nui i loaʻa i nā huahana pōʻino, pono ka nānā mau ʻana i waho a me loko.ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO ka pōʻino o Ultraviolet (UV) a me ka ʻelemakule ka laha i nā polymers.Pono mākou e hahai pono i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka mālama ʻana i ka O-ring a e noʻonoʻo i ka hopena i ke ola o nā mea o waho e like me ka wehe ʻana i nā pahu pahu a me nā loko loko.ʻOiai pono mākou e hoʻonui (hoʻemi) i ka waihona mālama, pono kekahi nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana o waho, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka lā (Figure 16).
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ke aniani o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniani, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ke komo ʻana, ke kolo wela o ka lumi, ka viscoelasticity, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka māwae lohi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano hana o nā ʻāpana plastik a me nā elastomeric.No ka mālama pono ʻana i nā mea koʻikoʻi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau waiwai, a pono e ʻike nā polymers i kēia mau waiwai.
Makemake nā mea kākau e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā hoa hana no ka haʻi ʻana i kā lākou ʻike me ka ʻoihana.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, 12th edition, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Puna punaewele: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Ka hopena o ka wela a me ka O-Ring Surface Treatment ma ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o Viton V747-75.Pepa ʻenehana NASA 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. ʻO nā hana maikaʻi loa no nā mea hana ʻaila a me nā kinoea Kanada (CAPP), "Using Reinforced Composite (Non-Metallic) Pipeline," ʻApelila 2017.
6. ʻO Maupin J. lāua ʻo Mamun M. ʻAʻole, ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka pilikia a me ka pōʻino o ka Pipe Plastic, DOT Project No. 194, 2009.
7. Xiangpeng Luo, Jianfeng Shi a me Jingyan Zheng, Mechanisms of Slow Crack Growth in Polyethylene: Finite Element Methods, 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., a me Bryce, W., Ka luhi o ka Paipu Wai Plastic: Ka Mana'o Mana'o a me nā Mana'o no ka Ho'olālā Ho'oluhi o PE4710 Pipe, Hō'ike'ike loea ma ka inoa o ka Hui Paipu Plastic, Mei 2012.
9. Nā alakaʻi alakaʻi CBA/SIA no ka mālama ʻana i nā wai i loko o nā pahu nui waena, ICB Issue 2, ʻOkakopa 2018 Online: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. Beale, Christopher J., Way, Charter, Causes of IBC Leaks in Chemical Plants - An Analysis of Operating Experience, Seminar Series No. 154, IChemE, Rugby, UK, 2008, online: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-paper-42.pdf.
11. Madden, D., Ka mālama ʻana iā IBC Totes: ʻElima mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e hoʻopau iā lākou, i kau ʻia ma Bulk Containers, IBC Totes, Sustainability, i kau ʻia ma blog.containerexchanger.com, Kepakemapa 15, 2018.
ʻO Ana Benz ka Luna Nui ma IRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada T6E 5T8; Kelepona: 780-577-4481; leka uila: [leka uila]).Ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he corrosion, failure and inspection specialist no 24 mau makahiki.ʻO kāna ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka nānā ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana nānā kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā papahana nānā mea kanu.Lawelawe ʻo Mercedes-Benz i ka ʻoihana hana kemika, nā mea kanu petrochemical, nā mea kanu fertilizer a me nā mea kanu nickel ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a me nā mea kanu aila a me ke kinoea.Ua loaʻa iā ia ke kēkelē ma ka ʻenekinia waiwai mai Universidad Simon Bolivar ma Venezuela a me ke kēkelē laepua ma ka ʻenekinia mea waiwai mai ke Kulanui o British Columbia.Loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau palapala hōʻoia hōʻoia hoʻāʻo non-destructive Board Kanada (CGSB), a me ka palapala hōʻoia API 510 a me ka palapala hōʻoia CWB Group Level 3.He lālā ʻo Benz o ka NACE Edmonton Executive Branch no 15 mau makahiki a ua lawelawe mua ma nā kūlana like ʻole me ka Edmonton Branch Canadian Welding Society.
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